The viewpoint of women regarding the employment in ecotourism sector in Pretoria (South Africa)

M.M MUKOKO

212040479

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

BACCALAUREUS TECHNOLOGIAE: ECOTOURISM MANAGEMENT

(BTEK01)

In the

Department of Nature Conservation

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Supervisor: Dr EP.de Crom

Date of submission

24-03-2015

Contact details

Cell: 0711541540

Email: martinemukoko@gmail.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….3

2. Research Problem……………………………………………………….6

3. Research Question………………………………………………………7

4. Objectives and Key Questions…………………………………………7

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………….8

6. Time Schedule……………………………………………………………9

8. References………………………………………………………………..10

9. ADDENDUM A

Information leaflet and informed consent letter…………………..13

10. ADDENDUM B

Provisional interview keynotes………………………………………16

11. ADDENDUM C

Provisional contact list………………………………………………...17

12. ADDENDUM D

Provisional permission letter to conduct study……………………….19

13. Provisional Interview Schedule……………………………………………………20

Chapter I: Background

1.1. Introduction

In South Africa, precisely in Pretoria, women and youth are specifically identified as being significant role-players in sound ecotourism management. Increased awareness, opportunity, decision making and environmental education for youth and women are direct means of improving conservation, socio-economic and tourism sector. The extent and form of female employment in ecotourism industry is strongly influenced by cultural, social, religious and political factors. These considerations, together with demographic and wider economic concerns, drive the considerable variation that exists with respect to the quantity and quality of female employment within ecotourism sector. (Thomas B. 2003)

There are a number of clear reasons why any organisation interested in promoting effective ecotourism should encourage the active involvement of women, even if their primary concern is not gender equity (Jarkko S et al, 2009).

Firstly, in countries where socially prescribed roles mean that women and girls generally have greater interaction with the natural environment and the tourism industry than men, women’s cooperation is needed if that natural resource base, the resource upon which the ecotourism trade is dependent, is to be sustained. Indigenous knowledge systems have been promoted as sustainable tourism development. In many parts of rural Asia, Africa and the Pacific, for example, women and girls have wide knowledge of the sustainable use of natural resources. Women more than men are dependent on natural resources products and involved in income-generating activities based upon the sale of forest products and crafts made from reeds and grasses (Jarkko et al, 2009) such as the local produce and handicrafts: although visitors may look for authenticity. Quality products can be made and sold which reflect an area’s traditions and creativity without devaluing them (WWF International, 2001).

Secondly, it is estimated that 60–80% of food production in Africa is carried out by women (James, 1995). While some men also have a close connection with the environment through agricultural work, the raising of live- stock and more sporadic activities such as hunting, many men now engage in paid employment and do not rely so heavily on the natural environment as do women. Where women’s roles place them in close connection with the physical environment they develop specialist knowledge because of this work, as well as an interest in protecting that environment. However women, who as the hewers of wood, drawers of water and tillers of the earth suffer the most when soil erodes, water sources go dry or trees disappear are the natural constituency for environmental endeavours ( Fortmann and Bruce, 1993).

Thirdly, deriving from their different roles and responsibilities, women’s interests in terms of utilisation of natural resources are often different from those of men. For example, land beside a forest which is not suited to livestock grazing or commercial agriculture may be identified by men as ideal land to lease for a tourist lodge development even though it is highly valued by women who collect broom grass and pottery clay at the site (Sindiga, 1995).

Nowadays, Women are disproportionately represented in lower skills and lower paid areas of ecotourism work, notably housekeeping and some customer contact areas. They are under-represented in kitchen work and in areas such as management. Furthermore, there are extensive inequalities in terms of the extent to which women access senior managerial roles within the sector. Where the data is available, it generally points to increasing levels of female participation in the ecotourism workforce but there is mixed evidence with respect to the impact of economic decline on the gender balance in ecotourism employment.

1.2. RESEARCH PROBLEM

The purpose of this research is to review the employment of women in ecotourism sector in South Africa.

According to (IUCN, Women and the environment: 2013) Women have a profound knowledge of their environment: worldwide millions of women have traditional responsibilities as food growers, water and fuel gatherers, and care-givers. This means they depend on natural resources in their daily lives and are more likely to be affected by environmental hardships. For these reasons and more, making sure that women have a greater say in decisions is critical to the success of environmental policy and programs from the community level right up to the highest levels of international law. The availability of human resource can be increased by making women contribute to the environmental development of a country.

Which aspects influence the view of women regarding the employment in ecotourism sector in Pretoria (South Africa) can be conducted effectively so that society can benefit from it value upon implementation, to what ecotourism is being used and the skills needed by the people to realize employment in ecotourism Development activities.

1.3. Research Questions

The following research question is asked: What are the views of employment in ecotourism sector concerning women of South Africa?

In order to address the above question, the following sub-questions will be addressed:

Research Sub-Questions:

-What is the subjective opinion of women employed in the industry regarding ecotourism in South Africa?

-What are the benefits, issues and the problems for women employed in ecotourism in Pretoria?

-How women see their role in improving skills and capabilities through ecotourism industry?

The objectives of this research include:

-To determine the subjective opinion of the women regarding ecotourism in Pretoria.-To identify the benefits, issues and the problems for women employed in ecotourism in Pretoria.

-To determine how women see their role in improving skills and capabilities through ecotourism.

1.4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.4.1. Qualitative Research Study

A research design is a plan or strategy which moves from the underlying philosophical assumptions to specifying the selection of respondents, the data gathering techniques to be used and the data analysis to be done. The choice of research design is based on the researcher’s assumptions, research skills and research practices, and influences the way in which the data has to be collected (Kobus M,2007)

1.4.2. Population and sampling procedure

Sampling refers to the process used to select a portion of the population for study qualitative research is generally based on non- probability and purposive sampling rather than probability or random sampling approaches. (Kobus M, 2007)

Study participants for this study will consist of women who has been employed or has knowledge concerning ecotourism sector in South Africa. Women will be asked to an interview session for the objective of understand their view regarding the ecotourism industry. There will be a distinction regarding the advantage or disadvantage of the sector. The sampling approach that will be used is that of convenience and purposive sampling.

1.4.3. Data gathering

An open-ended interviews will be used, including conversation with different women working or have knowledge of ecotourism industry.

Women will be interviewed at their respective work environment or where the opportunity will be offered. Permission for these interviews will be asked from the tourism establishments and event organisers. (Addendum D)

1.4.4. Data analysis

Coding and content analyses (Jennings, 2001) will be used to analyse the data collected from the open-ended interviews.

1.4.5. Validity and reliability or trustworthiness

Women will be having the same interviews to get a general overview of their different perception concerning being employed in the ecotourism industry.

1.4.6. Ethics and Consideration

Based on the fact that the research will be established on the research acquired from people, the ethical considerations that will be employed are:

- The participants of the research study will be given a background information about the study and;

- The benefits and issues of the research study will be stated;

- The consent of the participant should be obtained before the collection or the use of the data;

- The researcher must show respect and appropriate behaviour to the participant at all times;

- The participant will have the right to confidentiality; and

- The participant will not be forced to take part in the study. (Marczyk, De Matteo & Festinger, 2005).

All participants will have to sign an informed consent letter before they engage in an interview (Addendum A).

1.5. Time Schedule

TASKS	DUE DATES
Final proposal and Questionnaire	06 April 2015
First Report	4 May 2015
Final Written Report and draft Poster	7 September 2015
Oral Presentation	19 October 2015
Final Presentation	19 October 2015

ADDENDUM A

INFORMATION LEAFLET AND INFORMED CONSENT

The empowerment of women through employment in ecotourism as a tool of sustainable development in South Africa

Primary investigator: Mukoko Mbingila Martine

Supervisor: Dr. E.P. de Crom, PhD, Department of Nature Conservation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria

Dear research participant

You are invited to participate in a research study that forms part of my formal BTech-studies. This information leaflet will help you to decide if you would like to participate. Before you agree to take part, you should fully understand what is involved. You should not agree to take part unless you are completely satisfied with all aspects of the study.

What is the study all about?

Women form over half of the world’s population yet there are very few women in decision-making positions. Women are also most often the members of the community who are directly involved in the land. Many women are farmers and yet often cannot own the land, which they farm because of patriarchal male dominated systems of land ownership and access to credit. By giving women more rights and decision-making powers, they will be able to have more say in creating more sustainable lifestyles and improving the quality of life for themselves and their families. In South Africa, women and youth are specifically identified as being significant role-players in sound environmental management. Increased environmental awareness, opportunity and environmental education for youth and women are direct means of improving environmental quality in South Africa, and improve the existing environment.

What will be required from you to do in this study?

If you decide to take part in the study, you will be required to do the following:

· To sign this informed consent form

· You will be informally interviewed at any time you are willing.

What are your rights as a participant in the study?

Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary. You can decide to withdraw from the study at any time without giving a reason. There are no penalties attached to a withdrawal.

How will confidentiality and anonymity be insured in the study?

You should participate in an interview and I need to use your statement, you will be referred to in such a way that your identity or contact details will not be revealed.

Who can you contact for additional information regarding the study?

The primary investigator, Mukoko Mbingila Martine, can be contacted during office hours on her cellular phone at 071 15 41 540. The study leader, Dr. EP de Crom, can be contacted during office hours at Tel (012) 382-4194. Should you have any questions regarding the ethical aspects of the study, you can contact the chairperson of the TUT Research Ethics Committee, Prof. D du Toit, during office hours at Tel (012) 382-6265.

Final word

Your co-operation and participation in the study will be greatly appreciated. Please sign the underneath informed consent if you agree to partake in the study. In such a case, you will receive a copy of the signed informed consent from the researcher.

INFORMED CONSENT

I hereby confirm that I have been adequately informed by the researcher about the nature, conduct and benefits of the study. I have also received, read and understood the above written information. I am aware that the results of the study, including personal details regarding my age, name and nationality will be anonymously processed into a research report. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I may, at any stage, without prejudice, withdraw my consent and participation in the study. I had sufficient opportunity to ask questions and of my own free will declare myself prepared to participate in the study.

Research participant’s signature:

Date:

Researcher’s name:

Researcher’s signature:

Date:

ADDENDUM B

Interview keywords / concepts

1. Women profile

Questionnaire 1
Women’s employment in Tourism or Ecotourism Industry	Women’s not employed
· Age	· Age
· Nationality	· Nationality
· Reason for choosing the job	· Do you want to work in the industry
· Gender inequality	· Gender inequality
· Describing the current job
· Common reasons for choosing the job

· Questionnaire 1

Examples: I have a good sense of where I am headed in my life.

I can choose the role that I want to have.

I have a specific action plan to help me reach my goals.

I take charge of my life.

I know what my unique contribution to the world might be.

I am completely satisfied with my life.

I energetically pursue my goals.

The conditions of my life are excellent.

3. Positive aspects

· Employments

· Poverty Reduction

· Women emancipation

· Education

4. Negative Impacts

· Gender Inequality

· Level of education

· Less confidence

· Discrimination in employment

ADDENDUM C

Provisional contact list for interviews

Name of Product & Contact Persons

Type of Product

Tel/Fax/Cell/Email/Web Address

Forever

Resorts, Lodges, Hotels and Retreats.

867 Schoeman Street, Arcadia Pretoria.

Private Bag x16, Hatfield 0028

info@foreversa.co.za

Sta TRAVEL

Travel agency

Hatfield Plaza, 1102 Hilda St,

Pretoria, 0001

Phone:012 342 5292

Contact Details:
Call +27 (0)12 342 5292
Fax +27 (0)12 342 5291
Email:pretoria@statravel.co.za

1. Flight Centre Hatfield

Travel Agency

Address: Shop 20B, Hatfield Plaza, 1122 Burnett

St, Pretoria, 0083

Phone:012 362 4602

1. OVC PRETORIA

Travel Agency

Address: 424 Hilda St, HATFIELD, PRETORIA, 0008

Phone:079 500 4122

Sheraton Hotel

Hotel 5 Stars

643 Stanza Bopape St, Pretoria, 0007
012 429 9999on Pretoria Hotel

Harvey World Travel Sunnyside

Travel Agency

Phone: 012 341 7825,

Fax: 012 444 0208

http://www.harveyworld.co.za

Pretoria Garden

National Botanical Garden

Address: 2 Cussonia Ave, Pretoria, 0186
012 843 5071

Pretoria Zoological Garden

National zoological garden

Address: 232 Boom St, Pretoria
012 339 2700

Sa Park Travel Centre

Travel agency

Address: 812 Park St, Arcadia, Gauteng, 0083, South Africa
City of Pretoria
Post Office box: 9, Pretoria, 0001
Phone: 012 343 4923,, Fax: 012 343 1599

ADDENDUM D

LETTER: REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH

Event’s organiser detail Or Tourism establishment detail

Date

Dear Sir/Madam

RESEARCH: BTECH: ECOTOURISM MANAGEMENT - REQUEST FOR PERMISSION TO CONDUCT INTERVIEWS IN Tourism Establishment in South Africa.

I am currently registered with the Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) for a Bachelor Degree in Ecotourism Management. My dissertation is entitled ‘The empowerment of women through employment in ecotourism as a tool of sustainable development in South Africa’.

To enable me to effectively execute this study I will need to visit different Tourism or Ecotourism establishment where I can investigate which aspects empower women through employment in ecotourism sector. I herewith request your permission to interview visitors/participants to your event/establishment. My interviews will not be interfering with any aspect of the event/activities provided and will be done at times convenient to the participant (prior or after the event/during leisure time at destination).

Dr. E.P. de Crom, senior lecturer: Department of Nature Conservation, TUT, will be supervising my study and may be contacted on 012 382 4194 should you have any questions.

Your favourable consideration of this request would be appreciated.

Yours sincerely,

Mukoko Mbingila Martine

E-mail: martinemukoko@gmail.com

Table 1: Provisional Interview Schedule

Person/Place	Date of proposed interview	Topics covered
To be confirmed	To be confirmed	Refer to interview keywords
To be confirmed	To be confirmed	Refer to interview keywords
To be confirmed	To be confirmed	Refer to interview keywords

CHAPTER OUTLINE

The research report for “Championing Competitive Intelligence within South African Organizations” will include the following chapters:

· Chapter One: Introduction.

· Formulate the proposal of the study.

· Chapter Two: Literature review.

· Find relevant information of the research question.

· Chapter Three: Research methodology.

· Discuss the methodology that is going to be used.

· Chapter Four: Findings/results

· Analyse and obtain data.

· Chapter Five: Summary, conclusions and recommendations.

· Give recommendations for future study.

CHAPTER II: Literature Study

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Webster and Watson (2002:1) defines an effective literature review as “one that creates a firm foundation for advancing knowledge. It facilitates theory development, closes areas where a plethora of research that exists, and uncovers areas where research is needed”.

The purpose of this literature review is to have a deeper understanding of women working at tourism industry.

The literature review is structured as follows:

Definitions of Ecotourism and related fields.
The growth of employment of women working in Ecotourism industry.
Benefits and Disadvantages of women’s employment in Ecotourism industry.
Tools and Techniques.
Determine the role of women in improving skills and capabilities through ecotourism sector.
Conclusion.

2.1.1 DEFINITIONS AND RELATED FIELDS

-Ecotourism: According to the International ecotourism society (ttps://www.ecotourism.org/book/ecotourism-definition)

Ecotourism is a form of tourism which is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement and participate in ecotourism activities should minimize impact, build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts, provide direct financial benefits for conservation, provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people and raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climate.

-Tourism: Is the activity of traveling to a place for many purpose.

-Hospitality industry: It is relating to or denoting the business of entertaining clients, conference delegates, or other official visitors.

-Accommodation, catering and tourism industry: is a large and fast-growing service sector, with an average female participation of 55.5 per cent at global level and up to 70 per cent at regional level (Thomas B, 2013).

-The growth of employment of women working in Ecotourism industry: focuses on the present and potential opportunity and treatment for women in quality jobs, workforce development, training opportunities and employment in the tourism industry is a subject that has been explored somewhat at national or local levels.

Benefits and Disadvantages of women’s employment in Ecotourism industry

-Advantages for women working in Ecotourism industry:

Satisfaction.
Being productive.
Consideration.
Get to experience nature.
Impact of people being with nature.
Learns from the success or failures of others;
Get to know more people;
Making others people happy by offering them a unique experience.
Feeling important.
Absorb more knowledge.
Good development of personal relationship.

Disadvantage for women working in Ecotourism industry:

Frustration.
Misunderstanding.
Complain regarding their work.
Sometime, men take chances by being over friendly.
Not paid well in the field jobs.
Frustration.
Time management.
Self-management.
Not paid well in the field jobs.
No time to rest.
Working under extreme environment.
Lack of experience.
Stressful

2.1.2. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

The tools and techniques are essential during the process because the techniques and tools helps with the analysis and formulation of the research.

Tools such as a tape recorder.

CHAPTER 3: Methodology

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Research methodology was briefly discussed in Introduction, The second chapter dealt with the literature related to the topic of study. It was aimed at finding out how viewpoint of women’ employment in Ecotourism industry in South Africa.

This chapter will define the method by which the study shall be carried out. It details how the data will be used to answer the questions that sparked off the interest in the study. This is a survey research where interview will be conducted (qualitative methodology). The target group for this research are women who are employed in the Ecotourism industry.

3.2 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of the study is to establish the viewpoint of selected women employed in ecotourism industry based in Pretoria.

3.3. RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Cooper and Schindler (2003), “Research design is the blueprint for fulfilling objectives and answering questions.” The research adopted a descriptive study design because it sought to answer a “how” question. The aim is to establish the viewpoint of women working in the ecotourism industry in Pretoria. The study is qualitative because it is based on the researcher’s assumptions, research skills and research practices, and influences the way in which the data has to be collected (Kobus M,2007)

3.4. AREA

The study is located in South Africa, in the Pretoria area. This is because it is not possible to cover all South African regions because of time and financial constraints.

3.5. POPULATION

“A population” according to Cooper and Schindler (2003: 179) “is the total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences.” It is often not practical or possible to study an entire population (Goddard & Melville, 2001). It was not possible to study the entire population therefore a representative fraction was drawn upon which the study was be based. The research population consists of women who works in the hospitality and tourism industry and nature conservation in Pretoria. The main respondents are all women working in or not in the managerial positions because the information needed will be coming from them. An interview will be conducted with those women.

3.6. DATA COLLECTION METHODS

Data will be collected using a tape recorder and demographic questionnaires – A tape recorder is the preferred instrument to collect the data and a demographic questionnaires to the identified respondents. The benefits of using a tape recorder is that it provides an easier and more immediate means of response while conducting an interview, it allows the researcher to reach a large numbers of respondents, to communicate openly with them. The reason why a tape recorder and a demographic questionnaires are used in this case is because it was not possible for the researcher to conduct interviews and to hand deliver the questionnaires due to time constraint.

3.7. Data collection instrument

The primary analysis tool used to gather respondents input is tape recorder. The conduction of interviews have two parts, the first one being the organization’s information along with the respondent personal information. The second part concentrates on interviewing the respondents by answering the research questions, the understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of women working in the ecotourism sector and the influence that women has on the ecotourism industry.

3.8. Demographic Questionnaires

The questions were created based on the research study objectives. The distributed demographic questionnaires consisted of 4 pages containing 7 questions. These questions are a closed-ended questions. In the closed-ended questions require a choice to be made based on options provided.

3.9. EXISTING LITTERATURE

The existing literature, journal articles, the books and the internet regarding the subject under investigation were examined.

3.10 SAMPLING

3.10.1. Non-Probability Sample:

Judgment sample is used as members in the population may be selected based on the type of information needed.

3.10.2.Purposive sampling:

This method of sampling is used in special situations where the sampling is done with a specific purpose in mind.

3.11. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

The data collected from respondents will have to be summarized and organized in order to become useful for proper analysis and to answer the research questions. For that matter, the responses of the interviews and demographic questionnaires will be edited and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The conclusion and recommendation will be formulated based on the above and if need be, further research areas may be suggested.

3.12. CONCLUSION

This section elucidated in more detail the research methodology and design to be followed to answer the research questions. It has given the researcher the opportunity to obtain answers using the chosen instrument. Furthermore, it is determined the techniques used for selecting the sample population and the area where the interview was conducted. It also explained the method of data collection and instrument used to collect the data. The research questions are a closed-ended questions. An indication of how the data will be gathered and analyzed is also given.

CHAPTER 4: Data Analysis

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The primary data analysis tool used to answer the proposed research question was an interview.

Of the 10 individuals who were interviewed, only 8 respondents managed to participate and answer to the questions of the interview. The findings indicated below are based on these responses. Due to time constraint, it was not possible to extend the follow-ups with the remaining respondents.

Although all the responses received do not supply an adequate sample on which to base firm assessments, it is the investigator’s opinion that the responses form a basis on which to base further and more directed studies. The findings/results are presented as they are appropriate to the research questions detailed in Chapter 1, Section 1.2.

4.2ANALYSIS OF QUESTIONS

4.2.1 General

The following graph shows the general information from different companies’ respondents.

Figure 1: Respondents Company Type

22%

14%

The figure shows that the majority of the respondents were Travel and Tourism.

Figure 1: The respondent’s women race.

The figure displays the following: Other – 0 (Asian), Color -2, Indian-1, White-4 and Black-9 persons respond.

Figure 2: Advantages and disadvantages

The figure shows that 0.11% of the advantages from different companies and sectors. The remaining 0.13% is for the disadvantages.

Figure 3: Women responsible for the interview.

The figure shows that 18.7% of the respondents who had report their results to top management. 25% report to managers, 18.7% to supervisors and the remaining 37.5% to other which include other employees.

CHAPTER 5: Conclusions and Recommendations

The extent and form of female employment in ecotourism industry is strongly influenced by cultural, social, religious and political factors. These considerations, together with demographic and wider economic concerns, drive the considerable variation that exists with respect to the quantity and quality of female employment within ecotourism sector. Women are disproportionately represented in lower skills and lower paid areas of ecotourism work, notably housekeeping and some customer contact areas. They are under-represented in kitchen work and in areas such as management. Furthermore, there are widespread disparities in terms of the extent to which women access senior technical and managerial roles within the sector. Where longitudinal data is available, it generally points to increasing levels of female participation in the ecotourism workforce but there is mixed evidence with respect to the impact of economic downturn on the gender balance in tourism employment. Women are also more likely to play flexible roles than their male counterparts, by undertaking part-time, seasonal, agency and casual work in the sector. Women are also over-represented within informal and marginalized areas of work within ecotourism sector and are thus subject to disproportionate exploitation through engagement with dirty work and prostitution tourism. The effect change in the role which women play within the ecotourism sector. To a significant extent, what occurs in the workplace with respect to gender roles and responsibilities is subject to external cultural, economic and political influences.

Since the majority of the respondents fell within the Travel and Tourism sector, it is evident that the recommendations will be directed toward this sector. Numerous decision-makers have realized that women can play a strategic role which will benefits the whole community and all its generations.

Even though the results of the study are not adequate on which to base firm assumptions, the study has revealed that women employment types and opportunities offered within both the formal and informal economy, differing cultural and political constructions of the role of women within the economy and employment and ambiguity with respect to available data, general conclusions with respect to the above objectives are difficult to draw (Thomas, 2013)

In summary, the following recommendations are then made:

Tourism industry should support the suitable childcare provision must to enable the employees to remain within the workforce.
Tourism industry should apply for the gender equality and equal opportunities policies and practices.
Tourism industry should promote the male career dominated by women;
Tourism industry could contribute to improve the gender balance across the role and position of women.

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· Scheyvens, R 2000, ‘Promoting Women’s Empowerment through Involvement in Ecotourism: Experiences from the Third World’, Journal of sustainable tourism, vol. 8, no. 3.

· Sindiga, I,1995. Wildlife-based tourism in Kenya: Land use conflicts and government compensation policies over protected areas. Journal of Tourism Studies 6 (2), 45–55.

· Victoria R, Diane R, 1997. Introducing Women’s Study. 2^snd edition. New York University Press Publishers.

· Thomas B. 2003. International Perspectives on Women and Work in Hotels, Catering and Tourism. Available at [online] http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---gender/documents/publication/wcms_209867.pdf[ Accessed on 15/06/2015]

· WWF International, 2001. Guidelines for community-based ecotourism development

APPENDIX B

-RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE-

A Survey - (Please answer each question by entering an (X) next to your answer in the appropriate box or by writing your answer where necessary)

Demographic Questions

1. Age: 18 – 20 21 – 30 41 – 50 51 - 60 61 +

2. Gender: Male Female

3. Nationality

4. Ethnic group:

5. Occupation:

6. Highest level of education:

	X
Matric
Higher certificate
Trade/ Technical/ Vocational training
Diploma
Degree (e.g. BA, BSc)
Post graduate degree (Masters, Doctoral)

What is your religious preference? Why do you want to know this?

	x
Roman Catholic
Protestant
Seventh-Day Adventist
Orthodox church
Muslim
Jewish
Christian
Other specify

8. Employment:

	X
Full time
Part Time
Not employed
Retired
Other (please specify):

9. Marital status:

	X
Married
Separated
Divorced
Widowed
Single

10. How many children under 18 years are currently living in your household? ….

Home language

	X
English
Afrikaans
Ndebele
Sotho
Swati
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
Other ( specify)

Interview Questions

· Tell me about your company , which position are you occupying?

· Give me your top-line analysis (tell me about initiatives, analytical ability, values and confidence)?

· Walk me through the first 5 things you would do if you got a job with another position strategic thinking, prioritization skills and execution styles)?

· What 3-5 things do you need to be successful in your job, what are the deal killers look (culture fit, expectations, work style)?

· Tell me about one of your proudest moments at work (Personal motivations, preferred work style, Team builder, sole contributor)?

· What do you want for your career from now, and how does this position help you to get there?

· Tell me more about your initiatives, long-term thinking, self-awareness, personal motivation, professional development expectations?

· What did you choose this work? What led you to this current job?

· What was your first job in ecotourism? If you have been employed in other industry what was your first job?

· What do you think is the biggest obstacle for women in the work place today?

· Can you talk about what a typical day at your current job is like?

· Can you describe your current job?

· Do you find it recess to work to support your family?

· Do you think men and women should be paid the same for the same job?

· Do you think women are good bosses?

· How many day do you work an hours/ days/weeks?

· If you would own your own business, what would it be?

· What are the some popular job for women in tourism/ ecotourism sector?

· When you were a child what did you want to be when you grew up?

· What do you find good or bad about this job?

· What are the benefits that you find in this job?

· What are the disadvantage in your job?

My ideas... My goals...My life.

jeudi 31 mars 2016

Being Fair.....

mercredi 30 mars 2016

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Strategies of high-achieving women By Martine Mbingila Mukoko

De nouvelles idées signifie des idées précieuses par Martine Mbingila Mukoko

New ideas means valuable ideas By Martine Mbingila Mukoko

The viewpoint of women regarding the employment in ecotourism sector in Pretoria (South Africa) By Martine Mbingila Mukoko

CHAPTER OUTLINE

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