Discuss the dilemma
of habitat degradation and small populations, and how we should take cognisance
of these in current-day conservation.
1. Introduction
Democratic Republic of
Congo is a country with the largest expanse of tropical forest in the continent
Africans.
Containing more than 11,000 species of plants, 450 mammals, 1.150 birds, reptiles and 200 300 amphibians.
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is ranked as the second largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon forest located in Brazil. This country is very concerned by the point of view of the environment and conservation.
A country blessed with enormous biodiversity snatching first place in the first African country in terms of biodiversity. The DRC contains half the rainforest of Africa and the second largest rainforest in the world continues covering 59.6% of the land area.
DRC having the privilege of the mountain gorillas as well as lowland gorillas Eastern and Western countries that are extraordinary for such a large and rich country.
RDC is proud to have three of the four great ape species, the country is currently working on the preservation of wealth, to save this blessing which makes this country so diverse, so rich ecosystems of all kinds; mountains, plains and water sources. Having the Congo River as a major source of water.
Due to unrest and economic instability, the Democratic Republic of Congo has mostly escaped the industrial-scale deforestation that has occurred in other tropical countries like Brazil and Indonesia.
The exception is near the eastern border of the country, around the Virunga National Park.
The mountain gorillas of Environment is currently in critical condition, forests are disappearing rapidly due to population growth and violence caused by the civil war between the country's rivals located in the East because of ores, pushes the population to take refuge in the forest and also around the parks. For reasons of survival, the community uses the forest resources with no awareness of the preserve or protect it. Resulting in the destruction of the environment
the development of agriculture and charcoal production destroyed the trees, transforming forests into grassy savannah light.
The country was found in critical condition economically for decades due to massive war in the east of the country since the 90s, according to statistics presented by the UN, this civil war is suspected of killing several million people.
Today, the DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world.
Since its independence in 1960 and once the most industrialized country in Africa, Congo bled on the floor because of its lack of infrastructure and the brutal impact of the civil war.
Containing more than 11,000 species of plants, 450 mammals, 1.150 birds, reptiles and 200 300 amphibians.
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is ranked as the second largest rainforest in the world after the Amazon forest located in Brazil. This country is very concerned by the point of view of the environment and conservation.
A country blessed with enormous biodiversity snatching first place in the first African country in terms of biodiversity. The DRC contains half the rainforest of Africa and the second largest rainforest in the world continues covering 59.6% of the land area.
DRC having the privilege of the mountain gorillas as well as lowland gorillas Eastern and Western countries that are extraordinary for such a large and rich country.
RDC is proud to have three of the four great ape species, the country is currently working on the preservation of wealth, to save this blessing which makes this country so diverse, so rich ecosystems of all kinds; mountains, plains and water sources. Having the Congo River as a major source of water.
Due to unrest and economic instability, the Democratic Republic of Congo has mostly escaped the industrial-scale deforestation that has occurred in other tropical countries like Brazil and Indonesia.
The exception is near the eastern border of the country, around the Virunga National Park.
The mountain gorillas of Environment is currently in critical condition, forests are disappearing rapidly due to population growth and violence caused by the civil war between the country's rivals located in the East because of ores, pushes the population to take refuge in the forest and also around the parks. For reasons of survival, the community uses the forest resources with no awareness of the preserve or protect it. Resulting in the destruction of the environment
the development of agriculture and charcoal production destroyed the trees, transforming forests into grassy savannah light.
The country was found in critical condition economically for decades due to massive war in the east of the country since the 90s, according to statistics presented by the UN, this civil war is suspected of killing several million people.
Today, the DRC is one of the poorest countries in the world.
Since its independence in 1960 and once the most industrialized country in Africa, Congo bled on the floor because of its lack of infrastructure and the brutal impact of the civil war.
The various prominent
rival groups of Congo, Hutu and Tutsi from Rwanda, erupted after the Rwandan
genocide in which 500,000 people, mainly Tutsis, were victims of mass slaughter
by Hutu in the state of Africa Eastern Rwanda.
The result was followed by a migration of more than two million Rwandans fled to neighboring countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, known in that time Zaire.
Most refugees were Hutus who were trying to escape the rage and violence of Tutsis who had climbed to the domination of Rwanda at the end of the genocide.
The refugee camps in Zaire Hutu, however, have become politicized and militarized, and when the Tutsi rebels invaded Zaire to repatriate refugees, the rise of the conflict in the first Congo war in 1996.
The situation got worse and in 1998, the Second Congo War, which was sometimes called the "African World War" because it involved a total of nine African countries and twenty armed groups, devastated and Zaire devastated its population and economy with the entry of Rwandese who were led by Western colonialism aims to bring down President Mobutu and his dictatorship it replaced by Laurent Kabila Meze.
The political concern continues today despite the hope of peace and attempts.
This war is one of the deadliest conflicts of the world with a mortality rate of 5.4 million people and the destruction of biodiversity.
2. Habitat degradation:
The people of Congo are among the poorest in the world. Ravaged by war, with few other economic opportunities, with no access to trade, this community sheltering in the equatorial forest, turned to the natural resources that the forest has to offer and also are found on sale of the bush meat for their personal needs. What resulted was the contribution of deforestation, destruction and habitat fragmentation, human intrusion into the rural environment. This abandoned community of their own urban area for reasons of survival by acquiring firewood due to lack of electricity, charcoal for food preparation, mining, agricultural activities, collecting firewood for subsistence use and sale in urban centers. Commercial hunting threatening exotic wildlife also helps lower mammalian populations.
Nine terrestrial species and two marine species are already endangered. In addition, the pressure of the local community, which depends solely on the forest and its animals for their survival, plays a major role in the elimination of wildlife.
The result was followed by a migration of more than two million Rwandans fled to neighboring countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, known in that time Zaire.
Most refugees were Hutus who were trying to escape the rage and violence of Tutsis who had climbed to the domination of Rwanda at the end of the genocide.
The refugee camps in Zaire Hutu, however, have become politicized and militarized, and when the Tutsi rebels invaded Zaire to repatriate refugees, the rise of the conflict in the first Congo war in 1996.
The situation got worse and in 1998, the Second Congo War, which was sometimes called the "African World War" because it involved a total of nine African countries and twenty armed groups, devastated and Zaire devastated its population and economy with the entry of Rwandese who were led by Western colonialism aims to bring down President Mobutu and his dictatorship it replaced by Laurent Kabila Meze.
The political concern continues today despite the hope of peace and attempts.
This war is one of the deadliest conflicts of the world with a mortality rate of 5.4 million people and the destruction of biodiversity.
2. Habitat degradation:
The people of Congo are among the poorest in the world. Ravaged by war, with few other economic opportunities, with no access to trade, this community sheltering in the equatorial forest, turned to the natural resources that the forest has to offer and also are found on sale of the bush meat for their personal needs. What resulted was the contribution of deforestation, destruction and habitat fragmentation, human intrusion into the rural environment. This abandoned community of their own urban area for reasons of survival by acquiring firewood due to lack of electricity, charcoal for food preparation, mining, agricultural activities, collecting firewood for subsistence use and sale in urban centers. Commercial hunting threatening exotic wildlife also helps lower mammalian populations.
Nine terrestrial species and two marine species are already endangered. In addition, the pressure of the local community, which depends solely on the forest and its animals for their survival, plays a major role in the elimination of wildlife.
3. Degradation
of habitat and small population of the DRC:
3.1. Endangered primates.
Endangered Primates in Congo are: the endemic bonobo (Pan paniscus), also known as the dwarf chimpanzee, the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the eastern gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), composed of two sub species are the mountain gorilla, of which only 800 species remain in their natural habitat and the gorilla of the Grauer, also called eastern lowland gorilla.
These primates are victims of illegal commercial bush meat hunting, and in the case of chimpanzees and animals known as the "great apes" are dangerously close to extinction.
3.2. The African wild dog
In the case of the DRC, wild dogs are threatened with extinction, also known as the hunting dog or painted hunting dog cape, a number of factors contributed to their numbers rapidly disappearing; more than half of all deaths of his species who have reached the age of maturity are due to human activity. Going outside their protected areas, they encounter high-speed vehicles, guns, traps and poisons. When there are also meetings with domestic dogs which also exposes them to life-threatening diseases such as rabies and distemper.
3.3. Endangered shrews and rats
some species of shrews and rats are disappearing, their declining populations are indicated by the devastating effects of deforestation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The following species are endangered: the long-haired Kivu shrew (Crocidura lanosa), the Montane shrew mouse (myosorex Blarina), the Tarella shrew (Crocidura Tarella), the narrow head shrew (Crocidura stenoceph) and bristle brush rat of Rahm (Lophuromys rahmi).
3.4. Endangered whales
Marine mammals, fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) are endangered species on the IUCN list, however, their endangered status is reversible and numbers are increasing because of the cessation of commercial whaling.
A native of DR Congo their populations have been decimated by nearly 70 percent over the past three generations.
3.1. Endangered primates.
Endangered Primates in Congo are: the endemic bonobo (Pan paniscus), also known as the dwarf chimpanzee, the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and the eastern gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), composed of two sub species are the mountain gorilla, of which only 800 species remain in their natural habitat and the gorilla of the Grauer, also called eastern lowland gorilla.
These primates are victims of illegal commercial bush meat hunting, and in the case of chimpanzees and animals known as the "great apes" are dangerously close to extinction.
3.2. The African wild dog
In the case of the DRC, wild dogs are threatened with extinction, also known as the hunting dog or painted hunting dog cape, a number of factors contributed to their numbers rapidly disappearing; more than half of all deaths of his species who have reached the age of maturity are due to human activity. Going outside their protected areas, they encounter high-speed vehicles, guns, traps and poisons. When there are also meetings with domestic dogs which also exposes them to life-threatening diseases such as rabies and distemper.
3.3. Endangered shrews and rats
some species of shrews and rats are disappearing, their declining populations are indicated by the devastating effects of deforestation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The following species are endangered: the long-haired Kivu shrew (Crocidura lanosa), the Montane shrew mouse (myosorex Blarina), the Tarella shrew (Crocidura Tarella), the narrow head shrew (Crocidura stenoceph) and bristle brush rat of Rahm (Lophuromys rahmi).
3.4. Endangered whales
Marine mammals, fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) and sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) are endangered species on the IUCN list, however, their endangered status is reversible and numbers are increasing because of the cessation of commercial whaling.
A native of DR Congo their populations have been decimated by nearly 70 percent over the past three generations.
3.5. Endangered Birds
The main threats to 14 species of endangered birds in the Democratic Republic of Congo are pollution, degradation of their respective habitat, fragmentation, mining and agriculture, resulting in a loss of feeding area and reducing the availability of food.
For interesting species, poisoning of carcasses has also taken a toll on their populations that congregate in large numbers to feed on carrion.
Other factors contributing to their demise is the live trade and electrocution and collision with power lines in urban areas.
Endangered vulture’s White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus), the Rüppell vulture (Gyps rueppellii), the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and the scavenger vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus). Other threatened birds are Congo bay owl (Phodilus prigoginei), gold neck weaver (Ploceus aureonucha), the crab of Madagascar Grauer marsh warbler (Bradypterus graueri), gray-crowned crane (Balearica regulorum), (Ardeola idae) Itombwe the nightjar (Caprimulgus prigoginei) of Nahan francolin (Francolinus Nahani) the greenbue of Prigogine (Chlorocichia prigoginei), the spotted thrush soil (Zoothera guttata) and erommomeia Turner (Eremomela turneri).
3.6. Threatened Amphibians
three species of amphibians are in danger in the Democratic Republic of Congo; the Hyperolius leleupi the leucotaenius Hyperolius and karissimbensis Leptopelis. The main threat is likely to be the loss of their habitat due to the activity of agriculture, livestock and human settlements development. As political instability continues to threaten the habitat.
3.7. The fish endangered
The freshwater and ocean fish native DR Congo are threatened with intensive exploitation of non-controlled fishing developed, agricultural chemicals, poisonous plants used for fishing, small mesh size nets in which they are taken as "bycatch" of fishing for other species, pollution and habitat alteration by creating erosion and urbanization. The 21 endangered species of fish listed by their common names, if any, are the albert Lates (Lates macrophthalmus), the Alestopetersius nigropterus the Amphilus Lamani, the Dasyatis margarita, grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), Lates Forktail (Lates microlepis), the cerasogaster Hemichromis the lampeye Hummingbird (Poropanchax of myersi), the tumbanus Lamprologus, (Lates angustifrons of guitarfish (rhynchobatus luebberti) the Tanganyika Lates Lubbert, the dwarf sprat May-Ndombe (Nannothrissa stewarti), the transvesititus Nanochromis the Synodontis dorsomaculatus,), the microdon Tylochromis the ball radius (Urogymnus of ukpam), the Nothobranchius Polli, the resenstocki Nothobranchius, the Nothobranchius symoensi the Lepidurus Oreochromis and the Thief Victoria (Brycinus of jacksonii).
3.8. Arthropods Endangered
Arthropods declining status in the Democratic Republic of Congo are two crustaceans, and Potamonautes gonocristatus and Potamonautes idjiwiensis.
The two endemic species of DR Congo, they have only been known to scientists for 55 and 60 years respectively. Now we mainly found in museum collections, only a few thousand still living in their natural habitat freshwater streams, in and around the Lake Kivu (Susan Dorling, 2015).
On primates, DRC maintains a small population of bonobos who are inhabitants of the equatorial forest and are endangered and also considered critical in terms of animal conservation. (Abi Cushman.2014)
The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) a truly special type of monkey house and one of the closest human relatives is the bonobo, which is a species only found in DRC precisely Southern forests of the Congo River and shares 98.5% of the same DNA as humans.
Bonobos have very human qualities like: They take a deep intelligence and a major emotional capacity. In fact, captive bonobos have learned many aspects of human culture.
With a vertical skeleton, long legs and narrow shoulders, bonobos have the ability to walk on two legs, easier and for longer periods of time than any other primate species.
They are derived from a backbone which is very similar to that of a human, their faces are flat with a very high forehead and black hair portions lying in the middle.
Bonobos are a different species of chimpanzees in terms of their behavior. While chimpanzee society is competitive and dominated by males, bonobos live in harmony in matriarchal groups up to 100 members.
Females hold the highest rank in a group, and ranking female’s son become leaders among males. Although males are physically bigger and stronger, females gain power by links and strong alliances that result in a stable or a brotherhood.
Regarding their diet, bonobos are largely vegetarian. Searching for food in small groups, bonobos eat mainly fruits, but they also eat leaves, flowers, bark, stems, roots, insect larvae, worms, crustaceans, honey, eggs, and the ground.
Sometimes they also eat small mammals such as squirrels and duikers (small antelopes) flying.
The caused disorders by civil wars and poverty that does not stop to grow in the area around the forests, contribute to the bonobo poaching and deforestation of their environment (Abi Cushman.2014).
Currently, IUCN has
classified endangered bonobos due to the civil war in Congo which has greatly
affected the society of bonobos, the fragmentation of their populations in
isolated pockets limiting their genetic diversity. However, poverty has pushed
many people to the hunting and sale of meat bonobos on the black market.
Although there are taboos against the consumption of meat bonobos in some communities surrounding their range and in others they are hunted and eaten.
The pet trade also threatens the survival of bonobos in the wild. This practice is particularly harmful for young people to get the sale, poachers have to kill their mothers because these are at the head of the family and also its protection. Their decline is often caused by grabbing his animals intended to turn them into pets and use their meat in traditional medicine.
Although the size of the population of bonobos is largely unknown, it was probably down for the past 30 years.
The loss of habitat for this species is due to the civil war due to political instability, commercial logging, clearing for agriculture, food acquisition by human communities and human settlements development. The growth of the 'perceived commercial exploitation as the greatest threat to bonobos is responsible for more damage than deforestation of the forest; because this growth gives rise to the loss of biodiversity, climate change, desertification and degradation of watersheds.
It there's a constant concern that the Congolese government can start to rely on wood removal as one of its economic opportunity and depend on forest resources for financial development (Biodiversity Initiative Bonobo and Congo, 2015).
4. How can we protect our environment?
WWF provided with ongoing training, equipment and supplies for field ICCN and non-governmental organizations that conduct surveys on small populations and education programs designed to reduce the killing of animals by local in and around protected areas.
After an initial investigation conducted around the Salonga National Park, as a result it there's a strong decay bonobos found greater amounts of human disturbance, additional efforts were made to monitor and protect these animals.
WWF also provided training, improved transportation, and communications and other equipment on the ground for units working on anti-poaching in the national park Salonga and assistance to the Congolese Authority Nature (ICCN) to establish sustainable funding for the fight against poaching in the park. (World wildlife.2015)
Although there are taboos against the consumption of meat bonobos in some communities surrounding their range and in others they are hunted and eaten.
The pet trade also threatens the survival of bonobos in the wild. This practice is particularly harmful for young people to get the sale, poachers have to kill their mothers because these are at the head of the family and also its protection. Their decline is often caused by grabbing his animals intended to turn them into pets and use their meat in traditional medicine.
Although the size of the population of bonobos is largely unknown, it was probably down for the past 30 years.
The loss of habitat for this species is due to the civil war due to political instability, commercial logging, clearing for agriculture, food acquisition by human communities and human settlements development. The growth of the 'perceived commercial exploitation as the greatest threat to bonobos is responsible for more damage than deforestation of the forest; because this growth gives rise to the loss of biodiversity, climate change, desertification and degradation of watersheds.
It there's a constant concern that the Congolese government can start to rely on wood removal as one of its economic opportunity and depend on forest resources for financial development (Biodiversity Initiative Bonobo and Congo, 2015).
4. How can we protect our environment?
WWF provided with ongoing training, equipment and supplies for field ICCN and non-governmental organizations that conduct surveys on small populations and education programs designed to reduce the killing of animals by local in and around protected areas.
After an initial investigation conducted around the Salonga National Park, as a result it there's a strong decay bonobos found greater amounts of human disturbance, additional efforts were made to monitor and protect these animals.
WWF also provided training, improved transportation, and communications and other equipment on the ground for units working on anti-poaching in the national park Salonga and assistance to the Congolese Authority Nature (ICCN) to establish sustainable funding for the fight against poaching in the park. (World wildlife.2015)
5.
Present state of conservation in DRC
Conservationists should be aware that the preservation of the forest does not necessarily mean locking all forests in protected areas.
It there's other conservation models that need to be explored, including agroforestry, low-impact logging, increased conservation agriculture, the use of several forest areas managed by the community, etc.
These concepts have been misunderstood in the DRC; which leads to Congolese governments meter score 15% of the country's protected areas network.
These leaders such as Leopold II, Albert I and Mobutu thought that protected areas were the best way to preserve forests. They held no consultation with local communities; laws establishing protected areas have been adopted without the informed consent of parliamentary representatives. By promising to extend the network without a general consultation of the nation, today's politicians follow the same path. By increasing the network of protected areas which seems to be a worthy goal in itself, the reality of making this network function properly difficult given the lack of resources to maintain it. Classifying forests as protected areas does not necessarily mean the protection of biodiversity they cover; the empty forest syndrome throughout Africa speaks against this view (Nasi et al., 2011).
The cost of preserving biodiversity in the context of increasing human populations, based in progress, wars and other social problems is the most important determinant between various factors. Extension of the network of protected areas is a global good but benefits to the interests of others rather than the local community residing in the areas proposed for protection.
The made not to accept the protection of the environment represents the greatest risk to protected areas of the DRC, so it can lead to the extension of the general consensus without proper network that will jeopardize the protected areas their debut.
Conservationists should be aware that the preservation of the forest does not necessarily mean locking all forests in protected areas.
It there's other conservation models that need to be explored, including agroforestry, low-impact logging, increased conservation agriculture, the use of several forest areas managed by the community, etc.
These concepts have been misunderstood in the DRC; which leads to Congolese governments meter score 15% of the country's protected areas network.
These leaders such as Leopold II, Albert I and Mobutu thought that protected areas were the best way to preserve forests. They held no consultation with local communities; laws establishing protected areas have been adopted without the informed consent of parliamentary representatives. By promising to extend the network without a general consultation of the nation, today's politicians follow the same path. By increasing the network of protected areas which seems to be a worthy goal in itself, the reality of making this network function properly difficult given the lack of resources to maintain it. Classifying forests as protected areas does not necessarily mean the protection of biodiversity they cover; the empty forest syndrome throughout Africa speaks against this view (Nasi et al., 2011).
The cost of preserving biodiversity in the context of increasing human populations, based in progress, wars and other social problems is the most important determinant between various factors. Extension of the network of protected areas is a global good but benefits to the interests of others rather than the local community residing in the areas proposed for protection.
The made not to accept the protection of the environment represents the greatest risk to protected areas of the DRC, so it can lead to the extension of the general consensus without proper network that will jeopardize the protected areas their debut.
6.
Personal views
Conservation in DRC is degrading day by day, with the political conflict that does not stop to increase towards the east.
Successful conservation depends on the extent to which the ecological needs are balanced with socio-economic needs. The goal should be to establish a symbiotic relationship between man and nature. Have a different view of the park, which simply means looking parks as ecosystems, conservatory areas of natural resources, rather than as shelters for displaced wars and a means for destruction using the trade activity.
The fauna and flora have colossal strength and their impressive presence that we humans, gives us this need to share this richness, this forest with the world. Wildlife has concentrated power within them, but also their fragility in relation to the environment.
In the east DRC, there are some problems because the DRC is still in the process of pacification. This country still has insecurity problems and is therefore faced with the question of having to save both peace and all endangered species.
Yet the equatorial forest is related to climate change and not all species, there are no forests. These species cannot survive without forests and so everything is interconnected and links to the future of man as well.
There is no future for humans without forests, without water, without these great apes, without all the things that make the greatness and uniqueness of our lives.
Human life is also related to the lives of great apes and other species of life that contains the DRC. Therefore, the issues of climate change, forests and water pace as we know that without water there are no forests, particularly tropical forests like the DRC, and as a human being, we have the historical obligation today to defend for humanity.
Conservation in DRC is degrading day by day, with the political conflict that does not stop to increase towards the east.
Successful conservation depends on the extent to which the ecological needs are balanced with socio-economic needs. The goal should be to establish a symbiotic relationship between man and nature. Have a different view of the park, which simply means looking parks as ecosystems, conservatory areas of natural resources, rather than as shelters for displaced wars and a means for destruction using the trade activity.
The fauna and flora have colossal strength and their impressive presence that we humans, gives us this need to share this richness, this forest with the world. Wildlife has concentrated power within them, but also their fragility in relation to the environment.
In the east DRC, there are some problems because the DRC is still in the process of pacification. This country still has insecurity problems and is therefore faced with the question of having to save both peace and all endangered species.
Yet the equatorial forest is related to climate change and not all species, there are no forests. These species cannot survive without forests and so everything is interconnected and links to the future of man as well.
There is no future for humans without forests, without water, without these great apes, without all the things that make the greatness and uniqueness of our lives.
Human life is also related to the lives of great apes and other species of life that contains the DRC. Therefore, the issues of climate change, forests and water pace as we know that without water there are no forests, particularly tropical forests like the DRC, and as a human being, we have the historical obligation today to defend for humanity.
7.
References
1. Nasi,
R., Taber, A. and Van Vliet, N. 2011. Empty forests, empty stomachs, Bush meat
and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins. International Forestry Review,
13(3), 335–
368. DOI:
10.1505/146554811798293872. [Online] Available at: http://www.bonoboconservation.com/challenges/habitatloss.php [Accessed on 15/09/2015]
2. Biodiversity Initiative
Bonobo and Congo, 2015. Forest and Degradation. Zoological Society of Milwaukee.
[Online] Available at: http://www.bonoboconservation.com/challenges/habitatloss.php [Accessed on 15/09/2015]
3. Abi Cushman.2014. Animal fact guide. Bonobo. [Online] Available at: http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/bonobo/#sthash.ZDBf3eIK.dpuf Accessed on 15/09/2015
3. Abi Cushman.2014. Animal fact guide. Bonobo. [Online] Available at: http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/bonobo/#sthash.ZDBf3eIK.dpuf Accessed on 15/09/2015
4. World wildlife.2015. [Online] Available at:
http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/bonobo Accessed on 15/09/2015
5. Susan Dorling.
2015.
ENDANGERED ANIMALS FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. [Online] at: http://animals.mom.me/endangered-animals-democratic-republic-congo-8757.html [Accessed on 15/09/2015]
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